Meal Pattern in the Colombian Population: Results of the National Nutrition Survey. ENSIN, 2015.

Background: Information on meal patterns (type, number, relative contribution to energy/day (%), time, and location of meals) is limited or nonexistent. Design: Cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys. Setting. Colombia. Participants. n = 26,115 from 3 to 64 years old. The sample analyzed included 3,127 children between 3 and 4 years old, 13,384 children between 5 and 17 years old, and 9,604 adults between 18 and 64 years old. Data Analysis. Meal patterns were described by age group. Through multiple linear regression, crude and adjusted differences in the categories of the covariates studied were estimated. The number/day of meals was the dependent variable. Results: The number of meals/day (mean ± SD) was 4.4 ± 0.0, without differences by sex (P = 0.068), current weight (P = 0.336) , or wealth index (P = 0.480), but there were differences in the level of education of the head of the household (P < 0.0001) and the level of food security of the household (P < 0.0001). A total of 96.8% of the population eats 3 or more meals/day (95% CI: 96.2, 97.2). The consumption frequency (mean ± SD) of the three main meals was 0.95 ± 0.0 "times/day," 1.0 ± 0.0 and 0.95 ± 0.0, for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, respectively. Lunch is the meal that makes the greatest relative contribution to the total energy consumed (energy/day), 33.9% (95% CI: 32.7, 35.1). Breakfast is eaten outside the home by 13.0% of the subjects, lunch by 26.0%, and dinner by 3.8%. The minimum fasting interval is 9 hours and the maximum is 10 hours and 30 minutes. The meal pattern is equivalent to type "A," with three main meals and two or three intermediate meals (midmorning and midafternoon) taken during 15 hours of the day. Conclusions: All age groups had more than four meals/day. The number is directly related to socioeconomic level. Lunch is the main meal.

Energy and protein intake in the Colombian population: results of the 2015 ENSIN population survey.

The present study was aimed at (1) the differences between current weight v. ideal weight, (2) total energy intake and comparing it with required energy (Rkeer), (3) absolute protein intake in g/kg per d and g/1000 calories, (4) how energy and protein intake relate to the nutritional status of the subjects in terms of overall overweight (OEW) [overweight + obesity] and conservative overweight (CEW) [obesity] and (5) the contribution (%) of protein to total energy intake based on the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR). A dietary study was carried out in Colombia with 29 259 subjects between 1 and 64 years of age, based on cross-sectional data collected in 2015 by a 24-h dietary recall (24HR) administered as part of the National Nutrition Survey. Energy and protein intake did not differ by nutritional status. In the general population, energy intake was 2117 kcal/d (95 % CI 1969, 2264). The total protein intake was 64⋅3 g/d (95 % CI 61⋅4, 67⋅3). Adequate energy intake ranged from 90 to 100 %, except for the 1-4-year-old group, which ranged from 144 to 155 %. Protein intake was 1⋅64 g/kg per d (95 % CI 1⋅53, 1⋅75). The mean AMDR for protein to total energy intake was 13⋅3 % (95 % CI 12⋅9, 13⋅7). Excess weight began during the first 4 years of age. In conclusion, it is worth reviewing and updating energy and protein intake recommendations and dietary guidelines for the Colombian population and designing and modifying public policy.

Cambios alimentarios en Colombia; resultados de dos encuestas nacionales de nutrición, 2010-2015 / Food changes in Colombia; results of two national nutrition surveys, 2010-2015

Resumen Introducción: Colombia experimenta una transición alimentaria sumada a la nutricional. Objetivo: Establecer en Colombia para el período 2010-2015 la prevalencia y la frecuencia/día del consumo usual de 28 alimentos y dos prácticas de interés para la nutrición pública. Además, establecer las diferencias en la prevalencia y frecuencia/día entre años. Metodología: Estudio analítico en población entre 5 y 64 años, con datos de corte transversal recolectados en las dos últimas Encuestas Nacionales de Situación Nutricional en Colombia, ENSIN-2010 y 2015. Los datos de consumo fueron los obtenidos a través de un Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo. A través de modelos de regresión lineal se estimaron las diferencias crudas y ajustadas para la prevalencia y la frecuencia/día del consumo usual de 28 alimentos y dos prácticas asociadas. Resultados: En el período 2010-2015, en los niños, la prevalencia de consumo de leche, carne, atún, vísceras, leguminosas, pan, tubérculos, azúcar, gaseosas y alimentos fritos disminuyó, al igual que la de verduras y frutas. En los adultos, la prevalencia de leche, carne, atún, vísceras, pan, tubérculos, azúcar, alimentos fritos y alimentos light disminuyó, al igual que la de verduras y frutas. En niños y adultos la prevalencia de consumo de alimentos de paquete aumentó, pero su frecuencia/día disminuyó. La prevalencia de uso del salero disminuyó en niños y adultos, pero su frecuencia/día aumentó. Discusión: El cambio alimentario establecido es similar en niños y adultos confirmando que la cultura alimentaria se hereda socialmente y se transmite de manera vertical entre padres e hijos. Conclusiones: Colombia experimenta una transición alimentaria. Se requiere política pública para orientar el consumo.

Abstract Introduction: Colombia experiences a food transition coupled with nutritional transition. Objective: Establish in Colombia for the period 2010-2015 the prevalence and frequency/day of the usual consumption of 28 foods and two practices of interest for public nutrition. Also, establish differences in prevalence and frequency/day between years. Methodology: Analytical study in population between 5 and 64 years, with cross-sectional data collected in the last two National Surveys of Nutritional Situation in Colombia, ENSIN-2010 and 2015. The consumption data were obtained through a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Through linear regression models, raw and adjusted differences were estimated for the prevalence and frequency/day of usual consumption of 28 foods and two associated practices. Results: In the 2010-2015 period, in children, the prevalence of consumption of milk, meat, tuna, viscera, legumes, bread, tubers, sugar, soft drinks, and fried foods decreased, as did those of vegetables and fruits. In adults, the prevalence of milk, meat, tuna, offal, bread, tubers, sugar, fried foods, and light foods decreased, as did those of vegetables and fruits. In children and adults, the prevalence of packaged food consumption increased, but its frequency/day decreased. The prevalence of saltshaker use decreased in children and adults, but its frequency/day increased. Conclusions: The established dietary change is similar in children and adults confirming that the food culture is inherited socially and transmitted vertically between parents and children. Colombia experiences a food transition. Public policy is required to guide food consumption.

Patrones de consumo alimentario y pobreza monetaria en Colombia / Food consumption patterns and monetary poverty in Colombia

RESUMEN Se estimaron las desigualdades en tres patrones de consumo alimentario en adultos colombianos (18 y 64 años) relacionadas con la pobreza monetaria. Se realizó un estudio ecológico, que relacionó la pobreza monetaria de 33 unidades geo-demográficas con tres patrones de consumo obtenidos mediante análisis de factores de la Encuesta Nacional de Situación Nutricional en Colombia- 2010. Utilizando Epidat v. 4.2®, se calcularon índices de desigualdad basados en rangos, disparidad o dispersión, en desproporcionalidad, basados en modelos de regresión y los basados en el concepto de entropía. El coeficiente de determinación (r2) para el patrón frutaverdura/lácteos fue de 0,30; para el patrón tradicional/almidón de 0,08 y para el patrón snack de 0,00. La razón de tasas más alta fue para el patrón fruta-verdura/lácteos (2,61), seguida por la razón para el patrón tradicional/almidón (0,93) y la más baja para el patrón snack (0,85). La desigualdad, alcanzó el mayor coeficiente de Gini en el patrón de consumo snack (0,26), le sigue el alcanzado en el patrón tradicional/almidón (0,17) y el fruta-verdura/lácteos (0,12). Concluimos que la mayor desigualdad ocurrió en el patrón de consumo fruta-verdura/lácteos, es deseable aumentar la adherencia la patrón tradicional y disminuir la ingesta de proteínas en los más ricos.

ABSTRACT We estimated the inequalities in three patterns of food consumption in Colombian adults (18 and 64 years) related to monetary poverty. An ecological study was conducted, which linked the monetary poverty of 33 geo-demographic units with three consumption patterns obtained through factor analysis using the National Nutrition Situation Survey in Colombia-2010. Using Epidat v. 4.2®, inequality indexes based on ranges, disparity or dispersion were calculated, in disproportionality, based on regression models and those based on the concept of entropy. The determination coefficient (r2) for the fruit-vegetable/dairy pattern was 0.30, 0.08 for the traditional pattern/starch, 0.00 and for the snack pattern. The highest rate ratio was for the fruit-vegetable/dairy pattern (2.61), followed by the ratio for the traditional pattern/starch (0.93), and the lowest for the snack pattern (0.85). Inequality reached the highest Gini coefficient in the pattern of snack consumption (0.26), followed by that reached in the traditional pattern/starch (0.17) and the fruit-vegetable/dairy pattern (0.12). We showed that the greatest inequality occurred in the fruit-vegetable / dairy consumption pattern, it is desirable to increase the adherence to the traditional pattern and decrease the protein intake in the richest population.